1. General Information
- **Data Set Title**: Nano–bio interfacial effects modulating protein adsorption in dialdehyde lentinan–crosslinked polysaccharide sponges reinforced with zein nanoflowers
- **Authors**:
- Principal investigator and contact person: Dorota Chełminiak-Dudkiewicz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, e-mail: dorotachd@umk.pl.
-Investigator: Miloslav Machacek, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail:machamil@faf.cuni.cz
-Investigator: Klara Konecna, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail:konecna@faf.cuni.cz
- **Date of data collection**: year 2026.
- **Place of data collection**: Torun
- **Keywords***: interface-engineered biomaterial; zein nanoflowers; protein adsorption; dialdehyde lentinan; crosslinking; pore-wall interface, multifunctional wound dressing
Data language**: English
- **Sources of funding**: National Science Center (NCN) competition: SONATA 18- UMO-2022/47/D/NZ7/01821.
2. Overview of data and files
-**abbreviations**:
- ZNFs - zein nanoflowers
- DhLen- dialdehyde lentinan
- CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan
- CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica
- CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
- **File List**:
Fig.1.tiff: Structural and functional characterization of zein-based nanoflowers (ZNFs). Optical image with elemental mapping indicating copper-containing assemblies (A). SEM image showing spherical nanoflowers (B). Three-dimensional surface topography reconstruction (C). High-magnification SEM images illustrating chrysanthemum-like petal architecture with a visual analogy to natural chrysanthemum morphology (D). Antioxidant (DPPH) activity compared to ascorbic acid (E). Representative surface height profile obtained by profilometry (F). Anti-inflammatory effects relative to diclofenac sodium (G).
Fig.2. tiff: Preparation and characterization of native lentinan (L) and dialdehyde lentinan (DhLen). Schematic preparation (A), ATR-FTIR spectra (B), 13C NMR solid-state spectra (C), and SEM images (D).
Fig.3.tiff: Schematic illustration of the preparation strategy and structural design of CSLLvF@SS sponges. The diagram presents plant extract preparation (WSS and ESS), ZNF formation, the polysaccharide matrix components (levan, fucoidan, lentinan, and chitosan), and Schiff-base crosslinking between dialdehyde lentinan and chitosan amino groups, leading to a covalently crosslinked network.
Fig.4.tiff: Characterization of the obtained sponges. ATR-FTIR spectra (A), adhesive force measured on different model surfaces (B), SEM images (C), porosity values (D), and 3D surface topography reconstructions of representative sponges obtained by profilometry (E).
Fig.5.tiff: Physicochemical, functional, and protein-interaction properties of CSLLvF, CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS, and CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS sponges. TGA/DTG curves (A), swelling behavior (B), biodegradation profiles (C), anti-inflammatory activity (D), and antioxidant activity (E).
Fig.6.tiff: Protein adsorption behavior and cross-scale interface relationships of CSLLvF-based sponges. Time-dependent adsorption of HSA (A) and Fib (B) on sponges; cross-parameter comparison between pore-wall roughness and HSA adsorption after 24 h (C), and relationship between interfacial adhesion (rubber substrate) and HSA adsorption at 24 h (D). Data represent mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig.7.tiff: Freundlich adsorption isotherms for CSLLvF-based sponges. Linearized Freundlich plots of protein adsorption for (A) CSLLvF, (B) CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS, and (C) CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS.
Fig.8.tiff: Biological properties of the sponges. Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells after 24 h and 72 h incubation (A), ex vivo hemolysis assay (B), and antimicrobial activity against CA, MRSA, and PA (C). Percentages in antimicrobial screening are related to reduction in viability compared to negative control (Gauze). Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ns = not significant, p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****).
Fig.9.tiff:Fibroblast scratch assay evaluating cell migration and wound closure in the presence of CSLLvF, CSLLvF@ZNFs–WSS, and CSLLvF@ZNFs–ESS sponges. Representative optical micrographs showing fibroblast migration and wound closure after 0–168 h of incubation (A). Quantitative analysis of the wound area reduction (%) over time (B). All differences were statistically significant (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05).
Fig.10.tiff:Properties of the CSLLvF@ZNFs-SS sponges subjected to constant relative humidity (75%) and increased temperature (40 °C) for three months. Anti-inflammatory properties (A), cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells (B), hemolysis test (C), and antimicrobial activity against CA, MRSA, and PA (D). Percentages in antimicrobial screening are related to reduction in viability compared to negative control (Gauze). Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ns = not significant, p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****).
Raw data:
24h cytotoxicity.txt: Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells after 24 h incubation. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
72h cytotoxicity.txt: Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells after 72 h incubation. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
adhesion.txt: The adhesive strength of the sponges on the glass, rubber, and metal surfaces was tested using a texture analyzer (EZ-Test E2-LX, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at room temperature. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
adhesion vs adsorption.txt: Relationship between interfacial adhesion (rubber substrate) and HSA adsorption at 24 h. The adhesive strength of the sponges on the rubber was measured using a texture analyzer (EZ-Test E2-LX, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at room temperature. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
antiinflammatory sponges.txt: The anti-inflammatory properties were assessed by inhibiting the denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) using the materials prepared. The results were recorded on a UV-1800 spectrophotometer. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
antiinflammatory zein nanoflowers.txt: The anti-inflammatory properties were assessed by inhibiting the denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) using the materials prepared. The results were recorded on a UV-1800 spectrophotometer. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: ZNFs- zein nanoflowers.
antioxidant zein nanoflowers.txt: The raw data on the anti-inflammatory properties of the sponges were determined by the DPPH scavenging test. The results were recorded on a UV-1800 spectrophotometer. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: ZNFs- zein nanoflowers.
antioxidant sponges.txt: The raw data on the anti-inflammatory properties of the sponges were determined by the DPPH scavenging test. The results were recorded on a UV-1800 spectrophotometer. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
antiinflammatory chamber.txt: The anti-inflammatory properties of the materials after storage in a chamber were assessed by inhibiting the denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results were recorded on a UV-1800 spectrophotometer. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan; CSLLvF chamber-chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan after storage in a chamber CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica; CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS chamber- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica after storage in a chamber; CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS chamber- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica after storage in a chamber
chamber CA.tab: Study of antimicrobial properties of the sponges against Candida albicans after storing in a chamber. A study was performed by Dr. Klara Konecna from the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. The analysis was performed by culturing bacterial strains in BHI medium supplemented with the material. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan; CSLLvF chamber-chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan after storage in a chamber CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica; CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS chamber- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica after storage in a chamber; CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS chamber- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica after storage in a chamber
hemolysis chamber.txt: The ex vivo hemolytic activity of the sponges was tested on human red blood cells from an anonymous donor (Approval of the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, no. UKFaF/46675/2023). A study was performed by Miloslav Machacek from the Faculty of Pharmacy in the Czech Republic. It was measured using a Tecan Infinite 200M plate reader. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan; CSLLvF chamber-chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan after storage in a chamber CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica; CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS chamber- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica after storage in a chamber; CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS chamber- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica after storage in a chamber
CA.tab: Study of antimicrobial properties of the sponges against Candida albicans. A study was performed by Dr. Klara Konecna from the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. The analysis was performed by culturing bacterial strains in BHI medium supplemented with the material. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend:
fibrinogen adsorption.txt: The fluorescence method was used to determine the adsorption of fibrinogen (FB) onto chitosan sponges. Fluorescence spectra were recorded at various time points at 25 °C, ranging from 290 to 400 nm for HSA and from 300 to 500 nm for Fb, with an excitation wavelength of 280 nm, using a Jasco FP-8300 spectrofluorometer (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The spectral registration range was 285-400 nm, the scanning speed was 100 nm/min, and Em/Ex bandwidths were 2.5 nm/5 nm. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
biodegradation.txt: The biodegradability of the sponges was determined by monitoring their weight changes for 14 days. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
hemolysis.txt: The ex vivo hemolytic activity of the sponges was tested on human red blood cells from an anonymous donor (Approval of the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, no. UKFaF/46675/2023). A study was performed by Miloslav Machacek from the Faculty of Pharmacy in the Czech Republic. It was measured using a Tecan Infinite 200M plate reader. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan; CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica; CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis
hsa adsorption.txt: The fluorescence method was used to determine the adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) onto the sponges. Fluorescence spectra were recorded at various time points at 25 °C, ranging from 290 to 400 nm for HSA and from 300 to 500 nm for Fb, with an excitation wavelength of 280 nm, using a Jasco FP-8300 spectrofluorometer (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The spectral registration range was 285-400 nm, the scanning speed was 100 nm/min, and Em/Ex bandwidths were 2.5 nm/5 nm. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan; CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica; CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS - chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis
isotherm water extract.tab: Equilibrium adsorption data from fluorescence-based protein adsorption experiments were further analyzed using adsorption isotherm models to evaluate equilibrium behavior at the nano–bio interface. The equilibrium concentration of protein in solution (Cₑ) was determined from the calibration curves described above, and the amount of adsorbed protein at equilibrium (qₑ) was calculated as the difference between the initial and residual protein concentrations in the supernatant, normalized to the mass of the sponge sample. Legend: CsLLvF- CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica
isotherm CSLLvF.txt: Equilibrium adsorption data from fluorescence-based protein adsorption experiments were further analyzed using adsorption isotherm models to evaluate equilibrium behavior at the nano–bio interface. The equilibrium concentration of protein in solution (Cₑ) was determined from the calibration curves described above, and the amount of adsorbed protein at equilibrium (qₑ) was calculated as the difference between the initial and residual protein concentrations in the supernatant, normalized to the mass of the sponge sample. Legend: CsLLvF- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan
MRSA chamber.tab: Study of antimicrobial properties of the sponges against MRSA after storage in a chamber. A study was performed by Dr. Klara Konecna from the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. The analysis was performed by culturing bacterial strains in BHI medium supplemented with the material. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
MRSA.tab: Study of antimicrobial properties of the sponges against MRSA. A study was performed by Dr. Klara Konecna from the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. The analysis was performed by culturing bacterial strains in BHI medium supplemented with the material. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10.Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
PA.tab: Study of antimicrobial properties of the sponges against Pseudomonas aureginosa. A study was performed by Dr. Klara Konecna from the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. The analysis was performed by culturing bacterial strains in BHI medium supplemented with the material. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
PA chamber.tab:Study of antimicrobial properties of the sponges against Pseudomonas aureginosa after storage in a chamber. A study was performed by Dr. Klara Konecna from the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. The analysis was performed by culturing bacterial strains in BHI medium supplemented with the material. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
porosity.txt: The sponges' porosity was characterized using an ethanol-displacement method. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
Ra vs adsorption.txt:Cross-parameter comparisons between pore-wall roughness (Ra) and albumin adsorption after 24 h. Topographic scans were obtained at 100 × magnification, and the built-in software calculated roughness parameters, including the arithmetic mean surface roughness (Ra), using Keyence microscopy. The fluorescence method was used to determine the adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) onto the sponges. Fluorescence spectra were recorded at various time points at 25 °C, ranging from 290 to 400 nm for HSA and from 300 to 500 nm for Fb, with an excitation wavelength of 280 nm, using a Jasco FP-8300 spectrofluorometer (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The spectral registration range was 285-400 nm, the scanning speed was 100 nm/min, and Em/Ex bandwidths were 2.5 nm/5 nm. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
swelling.tab:A swelling test was performed at pH 5.6 and pH 7.4 on the sponges. The samples were weighed, and the degree of swelling was calculated using a formula. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
isotherm ethanol extract.txt:Equilibrium adsorption data from fluorescence-based protein adsorption experiments were further analyzed using adsorption isotherm models to evaluate equilibrium behavior at the nano–bio interface. The equilibrium concentration of protein in solution (Cₑ) was determined from the calibration curves described above, and the amount of adsorbed protein at equilibrium (qₑ) was calculated as the difference between the initial and residual protein concentrations in the supernatant, normalized to the mass of the sponge sample. Legend: CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
scratch.txt: Wound healing potential was evaluated using a scratch assay on MRC-5 fibroblasts, with wound closure monitored for 72 h and quantified in ImageJ. The data was prepared using GraphPad Prism 10. Legend: CSLLvF -chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan CSLLvF@ZNFs-WSS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and water extract from Sideritis scardica CSLLvF@ZNFs-ESS- chitosan/lentinan/laminarin/fucoidan sponge crosslinked with dialdehyde lentinan, enriched with zein nanoflowers, and ethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica
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