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Faecal sterols and bile acids in seven cave sites of Kraków Częstochowa Upland

Version 1.0

Gryczewska, Natalia; Sulwiński, Marcin; Kot, Małgorzata; Krajcarz, Maciej T.; Cyrek, Krzysztof; Sudoł-Procyk, Magdalena; Wilczyński, Jarosław; Wojenka, Michał; Szymczak, Karol; Suska-Malawska, Małgorzata, 2025, "Faecal sterols and bile acids in seven cave sites of Kraków Częstochowa Upland", https://doi.org/10.18150/R0SVUX, RepOD, V1

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Description

Raw data associated with the publication "Faecal Biomarkers as Evidence of Human Presence in the Caves of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland". Authors: N. Gryczewska, M. Sulwiński, M. Kot, M.T. Krajcarz, K. Cyrek, M. Sudoł-Procyk, J. Wilczyński, M. Wojenka, K. Szymczak, M. Suska-Malawska.

This dataset is part of the project "Chemical traces of human activity in caves of Polish Jura. Use of selected lipid biomarkers analysis and PAHs analysis in sediments from archaeological sites" (funded by NCN Poland, grant no. 2021/41/N/HS3/02369).

The dataset consists of Excel files containing raw data from GC-MS analyses. The methodology for extraction, clean-up, derivatization, and GC analysis is described in detail in the associated publication.

This dataset is also linked to the previously published reference dataset:

Gryczewska, Natalia; Sulwiński, Marcin; Chibowski, Piotr; Krajcarz, Maciej T.; Zegarek, Marcin; Kot, Małgorzata; Pereswiet-Soltan, Andrea; Szymczak, Karol; Suska-Malawska, Małgorzata, 2025, "Faecal sterols and bile acids in faeces of wild animals as a reference dataset for archaeological studies", https://doi.org/10.18150/BG4VMP, RepOD, V1.

Research Context

Based on this data, the referenced study investigated past human presence at cave sites by analysing faecal biomarkers—specifically sterols and bile acids—and comparing the results with available archaeological evidence. The research focused on seven sites in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland): Biśnik Cave, Bramka Rockshelter, Ciasna Cave, Łabajowa Cave, Łokietka Cave, Sąspowska Zachodnia Cave, Shelter in Smoleń III.

Sediment samples for analyses were collected from stratigraphic sequences of each site. The application of faecal biomarkers, validated through a reference collection of faecal samples, enabled the detection of human-derived faecal matter at several stratigraphic levels, both aligning with and independent of archaeological evidence.

Data Files

Each file is an exported Excel sheet containing raw GC-MS results of sediment samples from the seven archaeological sites. The only modifications made to the files include:

Formatting tables to comply with repository guidelines

Removing samples unrelated to this research

For inquiries, please contact: Natalia Gryczewska (n.gryczewska@uw.edu.pl)

(2025-02-17)

Subject

Arts and Humanities; Earth and Environmental Sciences

Keyword

faecal biomarkers, sterols, bile acids, cave archaeology

License

CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0

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1 to 10 of 10 Files

			Original Format Archival Format (.tab)
		readme.txt Plain Text - 2.4 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download MD5: b534e2c85af52d3ff496af6d05635ffd License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Description of the dataset	Preview Download
		faecal_sterols_archeo_08_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 24.4 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 6 Downloads License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 56 Variables, 36 Observations - UNF:6:gUncj/Bt1E6piQnbmhSf/A== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		faecal_sterols_archeo_07_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 8.9 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 56 Variables, 11 Observations - UNF:6:qtmxlR120sA1Al4FO1xEPA== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		faecal_sterols_archeo_12_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 10.5 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 56 Variables, 13 Observations - UNF:6:vF0y2h8zmK5+BmCtVCQaiQ== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		faecal_sterols_archeo_12_07_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 33.8 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 56 Variables, 53 Observations - UNF:6:Swdho/8vIGZjmj8x39dK5A== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		faecal_sterols_archeo_05_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 15.7 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 56 Variables, 24 Observations - UNF:6:ijjMZCsAurBTTihCXWMoQA== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		bile_acids_archeo_08_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 27.0 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 36 Variables, 72 Observations - UNF:6:RIhaF407VqMm9xYa/6aMHw== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		bile_acids_archeo_04_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 8.5 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 36 Variables, 21 Observations - UNF:6:UdzO9aSzjdd6jX7JCihjyQ== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		bile_acids_archeo_05_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 24.6 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 36 Variables, 66 Observations - UNF:6:BwLgdIquVfU/tsiq5M5HUQ== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX
		bile_acids_archeo_02_2023.tab Tabular Data - Original format: MS Excel (XLSX) - 7.0 KB - Feb 18, 2025 - 1 Download License: CC BY - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 36 Variables, 16 Observations - UNF:6:x0bEjK6/34WqPk2TeVjU3w== Raw results of GC MS analysis of sediment samples from seven studied cave sites	Preview Original File Format (MS Excel (XLSX)) Tab-Delimited RData Format Variable Metadata Data File Citation RIS EndNote XML BibTeX

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